Research Proposal- How Cheesecake Factory extend the overseas' market Proposal

- How Cheesecake Factory extend the overseas' market in China - Research Proposal Example This research proposal focuses on the process of business expansion adopted by American Bakery firm The Cheesecake Factory. The study will mainly reflect on the overseas activities of The Cheesecake Factory in China and the aspects related to the business expansion process. The Cheesecake Factory was established in the year 1975 by Oscar and Evelyn Overton. Initially, it began as a small shop in Detroit and was converted to a cheesecake supplier for the local restaurants (The Cheesecake Factory, 2014). Later on the business was shifted to Los Angles where the suppliers were the given the form of a restaurant 1978 by David Overton. This was the first Cheesecake Factory Restaurant. The initial strategy of The Cheesecake Factory Restaurants was to provide the customers with ultimate dining experience (The Cheesecake Factory, 2014). Presently The Cheesecake Factory is operating with more than 175 restaurants out of which 165 are being operated under its own brand, while 13 restaurants are being operated by Grand Lux Cafà © and one by The Rocksugar Pan (The Cheesecake Factory, 2014). The international expansion process of The Cheesecake Factory began in the 2011 as they expanded into the Middle East by partnering with M.H. Alshaya Co in Kuwait (The Cheesec ake Factory, 2014). This marked the beginning of a new business role for the firm as they started catering their services to the global consumers. In 2013, they extended to the Caribbean by opening a Cheesecake Factory Restaurant in Puerto Rico (The Cheesecake Factory, 2014). Recently, the company has started focusing on the Asian markets for enhancing the scope of growth and development of the firm. The aim of the research is to assess the process of business operations by The Cheesecake Factory in the Chinese market. The study will reflect the various factors that influence the process

Perception Of Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay

Perception Of Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay Learning the perception of Interpersonal Relationships the past few weeks have been a very rewarding experience for me. I have always enjoyed talking to people, listening to people, and just being around people, but I never really knew just how important communication was and being able to do it effectively. Ive learned many things in this course, but my focus for this paper is going to be interpersonal relationships. What are interpersonal relationships? Interpersonal Relationships are very important when dealing with any kind of friendship. It is interaction with another person, usually in an informal setting, and is one of the best ways to develop and retain an association. In order to do this, you must have the ability to understand and get along with others. This is known as emotional intelligence: being self-aware, managing emotions, encouraging yourself, recognize emotions in others, and managing associations. Self-awareness is having the capability to get a little distance from the emotion so that you will be able to look at it without being overwhelmed or react too promptly. Managing your emotions is expressing them in an approach that is suitable to the situation. Motivating yourself is setting a goal and disciplines yourself to do what you have to do in order to reach that goal. Recognizing emotions in others is having Empathy, which you are capable of recognizing and sharing someone el ses feelings, and its essential to human associations. In order to handle relationships, you must be capable of organizing others, and negotiating solutions when there are problems to be solved, and generally bond with others emotionally. You must also have a sense of balance and be capable of recognizing your own needs and know how to execute them. There is importance of emotional intelligence to strategic flexibility. You must have strong self-concept, which is the way you think about and rate yourself. The way you perceive people and the planet around you, and how fine you comprehend and cope with others have nonstop influence on your self-concept. Perception, emotional intelligence, and self-concept have a nonstop manner on strategic flexibility because they can either improve or weaken your capability to expect, evaluate, estimate, choose, and relate your skills and behaviors. The healthier your perceptive skills, the more probable your emotional intelligence is high and your self-concept is encouraging. While becoming familiarized to using strategic flexibility framework, you build up self-control through self-discipline. Listening to others becomes easier when you are secure in yourself. Your perceptions are more precise, your interpretation of nonverbal behavior of others and attempts to actually comprehend improves. There is a larger chance that you will be capable of managing relationships more productively. Managing relationships is not an easy job. It is a learned behavior, and by having emotional intelligence can help you launch and prolong enduring, significant relationships. Physical attraction is paying attention to somebody for the reason of the way they look. The attraction can also be sexual. It can be a reason for wanting to get to know someone, but is not usually the foundation for a durable relationship. Perceived gain is when we are mesmerized by someone because we assume we have something to achieve from them. We typically inquire about others in our same category, but for a moment we try to intermingle in with a higher category because we assume the awards will be of greater value. Similarities are when we are mesmerized by someone because we share our attitudes and beliefs or seem knowledgeable about topics that are of concern and importance to ourselves. Our beliefs are convictions; our attitudes are the felt beliefs that preside over how we conduct ourselves. Compatibility is having related attitudes and personality, and enjoying the same activities. Differences are when people have very different beliefs. This is usually very unlikely that a well-built and enduring relationship will be produced. But it is possible for people with different personality characteristics to be mesmerized by each other. Proximity is the close contact that occurs when people share an experience with each other such as work, play, or school. Another type of attraction is cyber attraction, which is when we depend on cues such as verbal communication, mode, time, tempo of text, and utilization of punctuation and emoticons. This gives us the chance of interacting with others exclusive of the influence of physical attractiveness stereotype and the less significant number of cues has larger importance. A motive for interpersonal communication varies from person to person for the reason that each person has their own personalities and moods. When we take on a lot of interpersonal communication for pleasure, it is because it is fun. Affection is very important to happiness, whether it is articulated verbally or nonverbally. It is a heart-to-heart emotion. Inclusion is your association with others and is the most powerful human need. Belonging is everyones sense of well-being. Escape is used when we try to avoid doing something that we need to do. The newest form of escape is by computer. Chat rooms, e-mail, and surfing the net are ways of escaping without actually going anywhere. Relaxation is done to relax and unwind after dealing with the various activities of the day. Control is when you are capable of making choices. When it comes to health, it has been researched and shown that people with strong social ties live longer than those that isolate themselves. People whom are lonely are encouraged to join local clubs or organizations because of health-protective things. Cyber motivation is usually an amplified motivation because engaging in CMC is pleasurable and stimulating. It also has the capability of boosting self-esteem, and you are able to self-disclose with little risk of losing face. Relationships are governed by roles that the participants look forward to each other to play. They are for a time firmly clear; and at other times the participants have the flexibility to identify them. The foundations for conversations are usually started with small talk. This allows a person to continue contact without making deep commitments. Some tips for the foundation of conversations are as follows: introduce yourself in a way that allows the person the opportunity to respond to you; give him/her a way to remember your name; and personalize your greeting. Bids and the bidding process is what hold relationships together. Bids are questions, gestures, looks, touches, or a distinct look so as to say I would like to feel attached to you. Responses to a bid can either be a positive or a negative answer to the call for emotional connection. Owned messages are acknowledgements of subjectively with the use of first person singular terms (I, me, my, mine). Self-disclosure is when a person tells another person something that they wouldnt typically make known to just anyone. Social penetration is the development of escalating both disclosure and intimacy in a relationship. It is the majority of the most extensively studied process in relational development. The process of self-disclosure is divided into four sections, know as the Johari Window. The first section is the open pane, which includes information about yourself that you are willing to communicate with others, and you are unable to hide. The second section is the blind pane, which is kind of an accidental disclosure area. These are things that you dont know about yourself, but others know about you. The third section is the hidden pane, which is self-knowledge that is hidden from others. These are things you know about yourself that you dont want disclosed to others. The last section is the unknown pane, which is a nondisclosure area without any possibility of being disclosed because it is not known by you or by others. Self-disclosure is most rewarding when it leads to greater intimacy. Intimate relationships allow us to really be who we are and share who we are with another person. It should only occur in relationships that are of most importance to us. The essential elements of good relationships are: vocal skills, arousing self-expression, chatty focus, nonverbal examination, chatty support, concern and enjoyment, dedication, and adjustment. Vocal skills are having the ability to carry ongoing conversations, or dialogues with your partner about the relationship itself. Emotional Expressiveness is your ability to bid and respond to bids based on the way your brain process feelings, the way your emotions were maintained in your home, and your emotional communication skills. Conversational Focus is what you and another person agree to talk about. Nonverbal Analysis is your capability to interpret amid the lines and explore nonverbal cues of another person. Conversational Encouragement is vocalizations that reveal to someone that you are listening and interested, and prompts them to go on with talking and intricate their own ideas. Care and appreciation is a way of consistently using ways to communicate with a person whether you want a relationship with that person or whether you want to avoid that person. It is used mainly to foster a relationship. Commitment is the strong need by both parties for the relationship to go on and an eagerness by both parties to take accountability for the problems that come about in the relationship. Adaptation is the time and effort devoted to sustaining, heartening, and cultivation relationships, even the deep-rooted ones, and must be spent in both introspection and communication. It is important for you to speak, listen, agree, stay on track, and hold your relationship in an affectionate view. Another way of forming interpersonal relationships is by the internet. You can benefit from internet communiquà © because it promote vigorous contact and relations, offers stronger support systems for interpersonal relationships, allows people to be integrated into society and removes some barriers, reduces the cost of communicating with geographically distant acquaintances and strangers, increase social contacts beyond family and close friends, offers opportunities for communicating on an global altitude, and loosen the communal limitations that have traditionally protected morality and manners. Internet addiction can also be a problem. But it still affirms, reinforces, and assists in maintaining successful interpersonal associations. These are all the tools that aide in holding a relationship together. If you are not capable of adapting and adjusting your skills and behaviors, these tools are ineffective. So, it is very important to learn and develop strong communication skills so that you can be more effective in your interpersonal relationships. Communicating Effectively, Eight Edition by Saundra Hybels and Richard L. Weaver II.

Phosphates :: essays research papers

Phosphates Phosphates may be created by substituting some or all of the hydrogen of a phosphoric acid by metals. Depending on the number of hydrogen atoms that are replaced, the resulting compound is described as a primary, secondary or tertiary phosphate. Primary and secondary phosphates contain hydrogen and are acid salts. Secondary and tertiary phosphates, with the exception of those of sodium, potassium and ammonium are insoluble in water. Tertiary sodium phosphate is valuable as a detergent and water softener. The primary phosphates tend to be more soluble. Phosphates, which are an important component to metabolism in both plants and animals, help in the first step in oxidation of glucose in the body. Primary calcium phosphate is an ingredient of plant fertilizer. Phosphates have caused increasing attention recently. The focus is on the environmentally harmful effects in household detergents. Wastewater, from laundering agents, contains phosphates, which are said to be a water pollutant. Most laundry detergents contain approximately 35% to 75% sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10), which serves two purposes. Providing an alkaline solution (pH 9.0 to 10.5) is necessary for effective cleansing and also to tie up calcium and magnesium ions found in natural waters and prevent them from interfering with the cleansing role of the detergent. Eutrophication is the progressive over-fertilization of water, in which festering masses of algae's blooms, choking rivers and lakes. Phosphorus compounds act as a fertilizer for all plant life, whether free-floating algae or more substantial rooted weeds, and are implicated in eutrophication. Many countries control phosphate levels, whereas Switzerland has banned the use of phosphates. The marine environment is both fragile and more resistant than the terrestrial ecosystem. It is fragile for the reasons that nutrients are generally present in very low concentrations, permanently consumed by living organisms and pollutants diffuse rapidly. Lakes and rivers are extremely complex ecosystems. Nutrients are taken up by both algae and rooted weeds. The weeds act as a shelter for fish larvae and zooplankton, both of which eat algae and are, in turn, eaten by larger fish. Scientists have concluded that unpolluted lakes can absorb surprisingly large amounts of phosphates without uncertainty. When a fertilizer, such as a phosphate, is added more algae will grow, and consequently will the populations of zooplankton and fish. Difficulties only arise when the lake is already impure. Zooplankton are sensitive to their environment and many substances are toxic to them. If any of these substances, including phosphates, are present the zooplankton population cannot increase. Adding phosphates to this polluted system will case algae growth. The floating masses cut off the light supply. Weeds die and decompose using up dissolved oxygen, and causing sulfurous smells

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony Essay

The bedrock of the American judicial process is the honesty of witnesses in trial. Eyewitness testimony can make a deep impression on a jury, which is often exclusively assigned the role of sorting out credibility issues and making judgments about the truth of witness statements. In the U. S. , there is the possibility of over 5,000 wrongful convictions each year because of mistaken eyewitness identifications. The continuous flow of media stories that tell of innocent people being incarcerated should serve as a signal to us that the human identification process is rife with a large number of error risks. These risks have been largely supported by research. Unfortunately, a jury rarely hears of the risks; therefore, eyewitness testimony remains a much-used and much-trusted process by those who are uninformed — many times, lawfully uninformed. In cases in which eyewitness testimony is used, more often than not, an expert will not be allowed to testify to the faults of eyewitness identification. Thus, the uninformed stay blissfully ignorant of the inherent risks involved in eyewitness identification testimony. Too often, these blissfully ignorant people make up a jury of our peers. (McAtlin, 1999). According to McAtlin, there are three parts of an eyewitness testimony: (1) Witnessing a crime – as a victim or a bystander – involves watching the event while it is happening. (2) The witness must memorize the details of the occurrence. (3) The witness must be able to accurately recall and communicate what he or she saw. Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading cause of convicting the innocent. Several studies have been conducted on human memory and on subjects’ propensity to remember erroneously events and details that did not occur. When human beings try to acquire, retain and retrieve information with any clarity, suppositional influences and common human failures profoundly limit them. The law can regulate some of these human limitations — others are unavoidable. The â€Å"unavoidable† ones can make eyewitness testimony devastating in the courtroom and can lead to wrongful convictions. Unfortunately, memories are not indelibly stamped onto a â€Å"brain video cassette tape. An event stored in the human memory undergoes constant change. Some details may be altered when new or different information about the event is added to the existing memory. Some details are simply forgotten and normal memory loss occurs continually. Even so, witnesses often become more confident in the correctness of their memories over time. The original memory has faded and has been replaced with new information. This new information has replaced the original memory because the natural process of memory deterioration has persisted. Furthermore, individual eyewitnesses vary widely in infallibility and reasoning. . (McAtlin, 1999). Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading cause of convicting the innocent. For example, the Innocence Project of Cardozo School of Law reports that of the first 130 exonerations, 101 (or 77. 8 percent) involved mistaken identifications. But exactly how often eyewitnesses make tragic mistakes that lead to the punishment of innocent persons is unknown and probably unknowable. One of the infamous cases where mistaken identity led to the wrongful conviction and execution was Gary Graham. Graham’s case received widespread attention, in part because of substantial evidence indicating that he was innocent of the murder charge, and the indisputable fact that his court-appointed trial lawyer failed to mount a serious legal defense. Graham was convicted of killing grocery store clerk Bobby Lambert on May 13, 1981 during a robbery attempt. Graham was 17 years old at the time. There was no physical evidence linking him to the crime and only one eyewitness who identified him as the murderer. Eyewitnesses who told police investigators Graham was not the killer were never called to testify at trial by Graham’s lawyer. Constitutional Protections In Neil v. Biggers, the U. S. Supreme Court established criteria that jurors may use to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications. The Biggers Court enumerated several factors to determine if a suggestive identification is reliable: (1) the witness’s opportunity to view the suspect; (2) the witness’s degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of description; (4) the witness’s level of certainty; and (5) the time between incident and confrontation, i. . , identification. Courts today continue to allow into evidence suggestive identification testimony. Currently, courts consider the admissibility of identification testimony under a Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process analysis. If a court determines that a pretrial identification was unnecessarily suggestive, it then ascertains whether the su ggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. A court will find a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification only if the identification is found to be unreliable. Therefore, even if the court concludes that a police identification procedure was suggestive, it may be admissible if the court finds that the identification is nevertheless likely to be accurate. A court will balance the suggestiveness of the identification procedure against the likelihood that the identification is correct, resulting in an unprincipled rule of law that turns on the court’s subjective assessment of the defendant’s guilt. Issues That Impact an Individuals Testimony A specific look at how memory functions and how suggestion operates llustrates why participation in unregulated lineups creates unreasonable risks of misidentification. Identification procedures differ from other police investigatory procedures in that they solely rely on human memory. Human memory consists of three basic systems: (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. â€Å"Encoding† is the initial processing of an event that results in a memory. â€Å"Storage† is the re tention of the encoded information. â€Å"Retrieval† is the recovery of the stored information. Errors can occur at each step. Contrary to common understanding of memory, not everything that registers in the central nervous system is permanently stored in the mind and particular details become increasingly inaccessible over time. According to Loftus and Ketchum, â€Å"Truth and reality, when seen through the filters of our memories, are not objective facts but subjective, interpretive realities. † Because these processes are unconscious, individuals generally perceive their memories as completely accurate and their reporting of what they remember as entirely truthful, no matter how distorted or inaccurate they, in fact, may be. An individual’s memories become distorted even in the absence of external suggestion or internal personal distress. Naturally, people tailor their telling of events to the listener and the context. (Loftus & Ketchum 1991). Many conditions such as fear, lighting, distance from the event, surprise, and personal biases all affect memory and recall. Human memory is indeed delicate, especially regarding victims and witnesses of crimes. Fear and traumatic events may impair the initial acquisition of the memory itself. At the time of an identification, the witness is often in a distressed emotional state. Many victims and witnesses experience substantial shock because of their traumatic experiences that continue to affect them at the time of identification procedures. In a particular case in court, the psychologist can determine the reliability of the evidence of a particular witness and enable the judge and the jury to put the proper value on such witness’s testimony. For example, a witness may swear to a certain point involving the estimation of time and distance. The psychologist can measure the witness’s accuracy in such estimates, often showing that what the witness claims to be able to do is an impossibility. A case may hinge on whether an interval of time was ten minutes or twelve minutes, or whether a distance was three hundred or four hundred feet. A witness may swear positively to one or both of these points. The psychologist can show the court the limitations of the witness in making such estimates. Overview of Psychology and Law The service of psychology to law can be very great, but owing to the necessary conservatism of the courts, it will be a long time before they will make much use of psychological knowledge. Perhaps the greatest service will be in determining the credibility of evidence. Psychology can now give the general principles in this matter. Witnesses go on the stand and swear to all sorts of things as to what they heard and saw and did, often months and even years previously. The expert clinical psychologist can tell the court the probability of such evidence being true. Experiments have shown that there is a large percentage of error in such evidence. The additional value that comes from the oath has been measured. The oath increases the liability of truth only a small percentage. Psychologists sometimes provide expert testimony in the form of general testimony where theory and research is described and applied to a problem before the court. The expert would not provide opinions about any party involved in the case before the court, but might give opinions about substantive research that is relevant to the issues. Role of Psychology Professional in Forensic Matters Clinical-forensic psychologists are employed in a variety of settings including state forensic hospitals, court clinics, mental health centers, jails, prisons, and juvenile treatment centers. Clinical-forensic psychologists are perhaps best known for their assessment of persons involved with the legal system. Because of their knowledge of human behavior, abnormal psychology, and psychological assessment, psychologists are sometimes asked by the courts to evaluate a person and provide the court with an â€Å"expert opinion,† either in the form of a report or testimony. For example, clinical-forensic psychologists frequently evaluate adult criminal defendants or children involved in the juvenile justice system, offering the court information that might be relevant to determining (1) whether the defendant has a mental disorder that prevents him or her from going to trial, (2) what the defendant’s mental state may have been like at the time of the criminal offense, or (3) what treatment might be indicated for a particular defendant who has been convicted of a crime or juvenile offense. Increasingly, clinical-forensic psychologists are being called upon to evaluate defendants who have gone to trial and who have been found guilty and for whom one of the sentencing options is the death penalty. In this case, psychologists are asked to evaluate the mitigating circumstances of the case and to testify about these as they relate to the particular defendant. Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons in civil (i. e. , non-criminal) cases. These psychologists may evaluate persons who are undergoing guardianship proceedings, to assist the court in determining whether the person has a mental disorder that affects his or her ability to make important life decisions (e. g. , managing money, making health care decisions, making legal decisions). Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons who are plaintiffs in lawsuits, who allege that they were emotionally harmed as a result of someone’s wrongdoing or negligence. Clinical-forensic psychologists may evaluate children and their parents in cases of divorce, when parents cannot agree about the custody of their children and what is best for them. Clinical-forensic psychologists are sometimes called on to evaluate children to determine whether they have been abused or neglected and the effects of such abuse or neglect, and offer the court recommendations regarding the placement of such children. In addition to forensic assessment, clinical-forensic psychologists are also involved in treating persons who are involved with the legal system in some capacity. Jails, prisons, and juvenile facilities employ clinical psychologists to assess and treat adults and juveniles who are either awaiting trial, or who have been adjudicated and are serving a sentence of some type. Treatment in these settings is focused both on mental disorders and providing these persons with skills and behaviors that will decrease the likelihood that they will re-offend in the future. Clinical-forensic psychologists employed in mental health centers or in private practice may also treat persons involved in the legal system, providing either general or specialized treatment (e. g. treatment of sex offenders, treatment of violent or abusive persons, and treatment of abuse victims). Conclusion Studies confirm that unregulated eyewitness testimony is often â€Å"hopelessly unreliable. † Misidentifications are the greatest single source of wrongful convictions in the United States. Yet courts’ current due process analyses are unsuccessful in ensuring fair procedures and preventing wrongful convictions. A due process analysis alone is inadequate, in part because a due process analysis is essentially a fairness inquiry, and courts regard it as unfair to exclude a correct, yet suggestive identification, from evidence.

19th Century Philippines Essay

The Philippines was governed by Spain through a viceroy from Mexico. The highest office was that of the Governor-General, the chief executive of the Spanish colonial government, appointed by the Spanish king. The town is managed by a gobernadorcillo. The barangay is the smallest political unit under a cabeza de barangay. The social hierarchy was in this order: at the top were the peninsulares or the Spaniards from Spain, next were the insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines and also called Filipinos, the mestizos, born of Spanish and Chinese descent, at the bottom were the indios, the local inhabitants. A total of 300 insurections and rebellions by the Filipinos all over the achipelago were recorded in the more than 3000 years of Spanish colonialization. 19th century was defined by liberal thinking for the following reasons: 1)Mexico rebelled against Spain and this brought revolutionary thinking to Manila; 2) the opening of the Suez Canal made the trip to Manila from Europe faster thereby bringing liberal ideas to the Philippines; and 3) rise of the middle class ? Liberalism is a set of political beliefs which puts primary consideration on the freedom and rights of the individual which includes the freedom of speck, of expression and of the press. In 1869, Carlos Maria de la Torre became the first liberal governor-general of the Philippines. For two year, until 1871, he instituted liberal reforms that benefited the Filipino middle class. ?Padre Jose Burgos campaigned for the Filipinization of the parochial churches in the Philippines and asked for the expulsion of friars back to Spain. ?The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was used to condemn Frs. Burgos, Zamora, and Gomez to death by garrote or musketry. ?The martyrdom of Gomburza was winessed by Paciano Rizal, Jose’s brother. Rizal’s first novel Noli Me Tangere was dedicated to the martyred priests. Economic Conditions ?The economic policies of Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas opened the Philippines to the world market. ?These economic policies were the galleon trade and the monopolies of tobacco, wine and gambling. ?The galleon trade made Mexico Philippines’ trade partner. The route of the trade was from manila to Acapulco and back. ?From Acapulco, Mexico the Philippines got its silver and gold coins while the Philippines exported tobacco, wine, sugar and goods from China. The Philippines was the bridge of Asia to Europe and this trade allowed the emergence of the Filipino middle class composed mainly by insulares and mestizos. The encomienda system was transformed into Hacienda system wherein the vast tracks of land were devoted for the planting of single crops for export. (e. g. Ilocos for tobacco, Negros for sugar cane, etc. The first banks in the Philippines were managed by Spanish friars knows as Obras Pias. This banks lent money to the members of middle class which were used by them as capital for their export business. The first rural bank established was the Rodriguez Bank. The Mercado family was a typical middle class family of the 19th century who rented land from the Dominican friars. Social Conditions ?Schools and universities were opened and managed by Spanish friars. The most popular among them were the Ateneo de Municipal under the Jesuit fathers and Universidad de Santo Tomas under the Dominican friars. ?There were schools for boys and girls. For boys, schools teach history, languages, humanities, medicine, theology and law. While for girls, shools offer courses for dress making, home making, cooking and gardening.

Words Spelled with AE

Words Spelled with AE Words Spelled with AE Words Spelled with AE By Maeve Maddox Words with the AE digraph (two letters written together to express one sound) are often misspelled by reversing the letters, for example, writing â€Å"Ceasar† for Caesar. Once I had a high school student who spelled his name Micheal. The first time he turned in a paper, I corrected his name. When I understood that it was the spelling on his birth certificate, I learned (with difficulty) to control the impulse to correct it. Here are five proper names that are spelled with the AE digraph: Aesop Cadfael Caesar Maeve Michael An ae proper noun often misspelled is Israel. Here the ae is not a digraph, but two separate letters representing two distinct sounds: Is-ra-el. Most of the ae words remaining in English have variant spellings, but a few are spelled only with the ae, even in American usage: aerate aerobics aeronaut maestro Some ae words have variant spellings: aesthete/esthete anaemia/anemia anapaest/anapest archaeology/archeology caesura/cesura encyclopaedia/encyclopedia mediaeval/medieval judaeo/judeo paean/pean The word faerie, can be used as variant spelling of fairy, but more often it refers to fairies collectively. With the variant spelling faery, it refers to the realm where fairies live, a land of enchantment: Faerie is a perilous land, and in it are pitfalls for the unwary and dungeons for the overbold. J. R. R. Tolkien On Fairy Stories in Tree Leaf 11, 1964   Ã‚   The entry for the word daemon in Merriam-Webster states flatly, â€Å"variant spelling of demon.† The OED entry for daemon gives this definition: A [computing] program (or part of a program), esp. within a Unix system, which runs in the background without intervention by the user, either continuously or only when automatically activated by a particular event or condition. As any fan of Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials can tell you, neither dictionary has done an adequate job of defining daemon: A dà ¦mon is a type of fictional character in the Philip Pullman fantasy trilogy His Dark Materials. Humans in every universe are said to have dà ¦mons, although in some universes they are visible as entities physically separate from their humans, and take the form of animals, while in other universes they are not. Wikipedia, â€Å"Daemon (His Dark Materials)† The different pronunciations of the ae spelling must be left to another post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"What the Heck are "Peeps"?

A Realistic Assessment of a Marine Biologists Earning Potential

A Realistic Assessment of a Marine Biologist's Earning Potential Do you think you want to be a marine biologist? An important consideration might be what amount youll earn. It is a tricky question, as marine biologists perform a variety of jobs, and what they are paid depends on what they do, who employs them, their level of education, and experience. What Does a Marine Biologist's Job Entail? The term marine biologist is a very general term for someone who studies or works with animals or plants that live in salt water. There are thousands of species of marine life, so while some marine biologists do well-recognized jobs like training marine mammals, the vast majority of marine biologists do other things. This includes studying the deep sea, working in aquariums, teaching at a college or university, or even studying the tiny microbes in the ocean. Some jobs may involve tasks as odd as studying whale poop  or whale breath. What Is a Marine Biologist's Salary? Because the jobs of a marine biologist are so wide-ranging, their salary is also. A person that has focused on marine biology in college may first get an entry-level technician job helping a researcher in a lab or in the field (or rather, out in the ocean). These jobs may pay an hourly wage (sometimes minimum wage) and may or may not come with benefits. Jobs in marine biology are competitive, so often a potential marine biologist will need to get experience through a volunteer position or internship before they can get a paying job. To get additional experience, marine biology majors may want to get a job on a boat (e.g., as a crew member or naturalist) or even at a veterinarians office where they can learn more about anatomy and working with animals. More established marine biologists may earn from about $35,000 to about $80,000 annually. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median pay in 2017 was $62,290, but they lump the marine biologists in with all zoologists and wildlife biologists. In many organizations and universities, a marine biologist will have to write grants to supply funding for their salaries.  Those working in non-profit organizations may need to assist with other types of fundraising in addition to grants, such as meeting with donors or running fundraising events. Should You Become a Marine Biologist? Most marine biologists  do their jobs because they love the work. It is a benefit in itself, even though compared to some other jobs, they dont make a lot of money, and the work is not always steady. So you should weigh the benefits of a job as a marine biologist (e.g., often working outside, travel opportunities, trips to exotic locations, working with marine life) with the fact that jobs in marine biology generally pay fairly modestly. The job outlook for 2016-2026 showed positions for wildlife biologists were expected to grow at a rate of eight percent, which is approximately as fast as for all jobs in general. Many positions are funded from government sources, so they are limited by ever-changing governmental budgets. You will need to be good at science and biology to complete the education necessary to become a marine biologist.  You need at least a bachelors degree, and for many positions, they will prefer a person with a masters degree or doctorate. That will entail many years of advanced study and tuition expenses. Even if you dont choose marine biology as a career, you still may get to work with marine life. Many aquariums, zoos, rescue and rehabilitation organizations, and conservation organizations look for volunteers, and some positions may involve working directly with, or at least on behalf of, marine life.

Electrochemical Cell EMF Example Problem

Electrochemical Cell EMF Example Problem The cell electromotive force, or cell EMF, is the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions taking place between two redox half-reactions. Cell EMF is used to determine whether or not the cell is galvanic. This example problem shows how to calculate the cell EMF using standard reduction potentials.The Table of Standard Reduction Potentials is needed for this example. In a homework problem, you should be given these values or else access to the table. Sample EMF Calculation Consider the redox reaction: Mg(s) 2 H(aq) → Mg2(aq) H2(g)a) Calculate the cell EMF for the reaction.b) Identify if the reaction is galvanic.Solution:Step 1: Break the redox reaction into reduction and oxidation half-reactions.Hydrogen ions, H gain electrons when forming hydrogen gas, H2. The hydrogen atoms are reduced by the half-reaction:2 H 2 e- → H2Magnesium loses two electrons and is oxidized by the half-reaction:Mg → Mg2 2 e-Step 2: Find the standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions.Reduction: E0 0.0000 VThe table shows reduction half-reactions and standard reduction potentials. To find E0 for an oxidation reaction, reverse the reaction.Reversed reaction:Mg2 2 e- → MgThis reaction has a E0 -2.372 V.E0Oxidation - E0ReductionE0Oxidation - (-2.372 V) 2.372 VStep 3: Add the two E0 together to find the total cell EMF, E0cellE0cell E0reduction E0oxidationE0cell 0.0000 V 2.372 V 2.372 VStep 4: Determine if the reaction is galvanic. Redox reactions with a posi tive E0cell value are galvanic.This reactions E0cell is positive and therefore galvanic. Answer:The cell EMF of the reaction is 2.372 Volts and is galvanic.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Human Resource Management - Essay Example One positive solution is the recruitment of older individuals into the current workforce. This strategy will serve in solving the current shortage in the labor force as well as provide long-term benefits that future generations will be able to reap. The main approach that should be taken when attempting to implement this strategy is the encouragement of the ideal that older employees are still needed within the workforce. Organizations should strive to make their older employees feel wanted and integrate them with younger generation so as to allow them to benefit from their experience. Doing so successfully will solve the problems that are currently being faced by the organizations and attempt at ensuring that they will not have to be faced again in the future. Introduction The labor force has been faced with a problem over the past couple of years as an ageing population has become the near majority of available workers as the society faces a decrease in birth rates in most develope d countries. This issue has meant that organizations have had to come up with a way to ensure that they can gain a steady supply of labor so as to avoid complications with replenishing their workforce when necessary (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2009). The main solution would be a long term objective of adopting strategies that will enhance the transition of employees that go through an organization’s doors. Including the older employees in the workforce can be said to be the first strategy that should be implemented towards achieving this objective. However, methods will have to be developed so as to ensure that the strategy implementation is successful (O'Brien, 2009). To do so one will have to look at the various challenges that may be faced while trying to integrate the older generation into the workforce and the possible solutions that can be found for them. The benefits should also be studied to determine the advantages that will come with the application of this new approach t owards the older workforce (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2009). The strategy will have to include ways of encouraging the older employees to remain with the company as in some case, others could have been tempted with the thought of retirement. There will also be a need to develop ways in which the older generation will work in harmony with the younger employees. Business Case There is a wise business sense in implementing the strategy of involving the older generation within the workforce. The main issue would be to look at the benefits that such an action would bring to an organization and which areas would such a strategy improve (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2009). While looking at the case from a business point of view, the first thing to be considered would be the costs that could be incurred or reduced as a result of recruiting older workers into the labor force. The main issue would be that the action would only prove justifiable if the act of including additional older employees into the w orkforce will result in a reduction of the costs of operations and if possible, provide a means of profitability as well be it marginally or outright accountability (O'Brien, 2009). In order to establish this, there will need to be a number of areas that have to be studied

The structural frame paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The structural frame paper - Essay Example â€Å"UncÐ µrtainty appÐ µars as thÐ µ fundamÐ µntal problÐ µm for complÐ µx organizations, and coping with uncÐ µrtainty, as thÐ µ Ð µssÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ administrativÐ µ procÐ µss. Just as complÐ µtÐ µ uncÐ µrtainty or randomnÐ µss is thÐ µ antithÐ µsis of purposÐ µ and of organization, complÐ µtÐ µ cÐ µrtainty is a figmÐ µnt of thÐ µ imagination, but thÐ µ tightÐ µr thÐ µ norms of rationality, thÐ µ morÐ µ Ð µnÐ µrgy thÐ µ organization will dÐ µvotÐ µ to moving toward cÐ µrtainty† (Thompson, 2003, p. 159). That is, thÐ µ organization is dÐ µvoting a lot of Ð µnÐ µrgy towards cÐ µrtainty, from this pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ, through maintaining a codifiÐ µd training program and a hiÐ µrarchical powÐ µr structurÐ µ. ThÐ µ organization usÐ µd for this rÐ µport is, as mÐ µntionÐ µd, thÐ µ forÐ µign languagÐ µ school. In this organization, of thÐ µ tÐ µaching staff of thÐ µ branch officÐ µ and thÐ µ officÐ µ staff, thÐ µ of ficÐ µ staff is thÐ µ dominant informal powÐ µr coalition. This is bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy havÐ µ much morÐ µ contact with thÐ µ rÐ µgional salÐ µs managÐ µr. ThÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µrs do not havÐ µ any powÐ µr or contact with this sidÐ µ of thÐ µ organization at all rÐ µally, and arÐ µ motivatÐ µd by prizÐ µ incÐ µntivÐ µs, travÐ µl timÐ µ, and othÐ µr mÐ µthods. ThÐ µ sizÐ µ and composition of thÐ µ group is not proportionatÐ µ to thÐ µ numbÐ µr of tÐ µachÐ µrs rÐ µtainÐ µd by thÐ µ branch officÐ µ. ... ThÐ µ most important stakÐ µholdÐ µrs of thÐ µ organization arÐ µ its studÐ µnts. IntÐ µrnally, thosÐ µ non-dominant powÐ µr coalition positions in thÐ µsÐ µ sÐ µctors could also includÐ µ, in thÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of thÐ µ forÐ µign languagÐ µ school, thosÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µrs who arÐ µ sÐ µnt to work at othÐ µr organizations as outsourcing labor, and thosÐ µ who arÐ µ kÐ µpt as thÐ µ corÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µrs of thÐ µ branch, into sÐ µparatÐ µ coalitions of tÐ µachÐ µrs. This is not rÐ µally Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ, though, bÐ µcausÐ µ most of thÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µrs want to movÐ µ up in thÐ µ organization’s formal powÐ µr structurÐ µ by joining thÐ µ officÐ µ staff as a tÐ µachÐ µr trainÐ µr, thÐ µ lowÐ µst rung on thÐ µ officÐ µ staff laddÐ µr. Thompson (2003) for Ð µxamplÐ µs statÐ µs, â€Å"ThÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ who scorÐ µs wÐ µll on a small boundary can Ð µxpÐ µct to bÐ µ visiblÐ µ, intÐ µrnally or Ð µxtÐ µrnally or both, and thus havÐ µ thÐ µ possibility of bargaining for a job at a largÐ µr or morÐ µ critical sÐ µctor of thÐ µ organization or of anothÐ µr organization†¦ such jobs can frÐ µquÐ µntly bÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd with common skills† (p. 111). This shows how thÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µr trainÐ µrs and othÐ µr officÐ µ staff mÐ µmbÐ µrs arÐ µ thÐ µ dominant formal powÐ µr coalition in thÐ µ organization’s structurÐ µ, bÐ µcausÐ µ Ð µvÐ µn though thÐ µy arÐ µ outnumbÐ µrÐ µd by thÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µrs, thÐ µy arÐ µ morÐ µ of a stablÐ µ labor pool for thÐ µ organization, bÐ µcausÐ µ it tÐ µnds to havÐ µ high tÐ µachÐ µr turnovÐ µr. TÐ µachÐ µrs arÐ µ paid thÐ µ lÐ µast, of all thÐ µ positions. PÐ µriphÐ µral powÐ µr rÐ µlationships nÐ µÃ µd to bÐ µ mÐ µntionÐ µd in tÐ µrms of thÐ µ tÐ µachÐ µrs of thÐ µ forÐ µign languagÐ µ school. This also involvÐ µs paying attÐ µntion to thÐ µ dominant sÐ µctors which makÐ µ

An Examination of influence of Calligraphy in the Contemporary Graphic Essay

An Examination of influence of Calligraphy in the Contemporary Graphic of Eastern Culture(Korea, Japan and China) - Essay Example Eastern calligraphy has the same emotion with Korean traditional beauty possessing natural harmony and has an ordinary and tender character. Calligraphy of typography represents particular writing style using Chinese ink and brush that is showing on the current titles of film posters or stories as an influential impact. The effect of conveyable information with image instead of letter is getting greater. As individual expression that is different from mechanical printing type by development of printing is launched, that calligraphy that taking a serious view presentation and is developed. In recent, printing culture, the study for the special feeling, emotion and various ways of expression oriented from hand printed are needed for the coexistence between past and present. As it is most universal that is most nationality, think that is going to create only our peculiar culture that our colour can be better proudly defying in the world groping correct type and form in systematization. Recently, Calligraphy has been used in various parts in Eastern culture. This could be one of tendency that calligraphy naturally approaches to our life; it is used film poster or personal care goods. It may say that emotional consumers delight to use those products which have difference, freshness and novel with other film or products. In contemporary, citizens have been given huge affection by computer. Moreover, it has affected to the development of design as well as time and many of efficient side. However, calligraphy has started to spotlight in different way from consumers who accustomed with similar computer font and design. As calligraphy has huge possibility to be developed in design fields, concern for design has grown in Eastern culture. Therefore, it is analyzed and contextualized meaning of calligraphy and its history, and its expression in commercial contemporary graphic like film poster, CI/BI, package design etc. Chapter 2 Eastern calligraphy 2.1 Definition There is a definition of Calligraphy by Wang (2006, p.259) stated that Eastern calligraphy is considered to be one of the most beautiful and meaningful patterns in the world. Generally, it is defined as an art of beautiful, stylized, or elegant handwriting or lettering with pen or brush and ink. It engages the accurate construction of characters, the ordering of the range of parts, and

Firewall Technology (Network Security) Research Paper

Firewall Technology (Network Security) - Research Paper Example Security requirements have substantially changed recently. Traditionally, securing a system was provided by preventing access (physical and ethically) to the secure system. However, with the introduction of computer technology, there was a need to develop automated security appliances for protecting the network and data of an organization. Due to vast rise in threats, vulnerabilities, hacking and cyber crimes, firewalls become mandatory as the first choice to implement for securing the network and data for every computer network. Firewalls Computer Security is the general term for a set of resources designed to help protect data and ruin the efforts of hackers. Moreover, it is a set of measures to protect data during transmission over a set of interconnected computer systems. Hence, security is a set measures for deterrence, prevention, detection and correction of security threats that can damage or divulge information either locally or when transmitted. Hence, certain security mecha nisms that are designed to detect, prevent and restore security after an attack. Consequently, many network appliances are invented to secure a network. The most popular network security appliance that is used in almost every small or corporate network to provide security is a firewall. Firewall is defined as â€Å"a combination of hardware, software, and procedures that controls access to an intranet. Firewalls help to control the information that passes between an intranet and the Internet. A firewall can be simple or complex, depending on how an organization decides to control its Internet traffic. It may, for example, be established to limit Internet access to e-mail only, so that no other types of information can pass between the intranet and the Internet† (Firewall.2007). Firewalls are network security devices that are categorized in hardware-based firewalls and software-based firewalls. The hardware-based firewalls are more secure, as they are not dependent on the oper ating system. On the other hand, software-based firewalls are dependent on the operating system that may demonstrate risks. The choice from these options depends on the cost as well. However, a full features firewall may protect the computer network from hackers or cyber criminals. It will detect, block and quarantine viruses and malicious codes that tries to enter in the network. Moreover, configuration on the local area network demonstrates a graphical user interface to ensure that each preventive measure is active and running (Agnitum outpost persona firewall pro 2.0.2004). Benefits Constant monitoring of security is achievable via a firewall implementation. As all modifications and logs are stored in a firewall, that are divergent of distribution on hosts on the network. Firewall also provides the protocol-filtering capability as it filters protocols and services associated with them in order to secure them from exploitation. Moreover, firewall hides inbound communication of the network from the outbound network that is also called a wide area network (ADVANTAGES OF FIREWALL). Furthermore, the use of computer networks and communication lines require protecting data during transmission. In addition, firewalls also provide centralized management for the network. This is an ultimate advantage for the network security staff within an organization as the management and

Email and Internet use and Privacy Policies Essay

Email and Internet use and Privacy Policies - Essay Example Moreover, the use of internet in working hours is allowed to complete business tasks. However, the use of internet brings the likelihood of contravenes to the safety of secret Company details. Moreover, internet use also causes contagion to our business structure with several spyware, malwares, Trojan horses and viruses. At my job, Email is utilized for performing business activities. However, the private information of the company should not be given away from the Company, without the approval from the company management. Additionally, it is not ethical to perform private dealings using Company PC or electronic mail (Boze & Stevens, 2010; Heathfield, 2011). Employees should keep in mind that the company keeps the record of several communications done using electronic mail or else whatever is shared on company PC. In this scenario, network administration and authorized employees have the full right to view any content in employee’s electronic mail or on employee’s PC wh enever they want. Thus, people should not think that their electronic link, storage or access to be confidential if it is managed or stored at work. Furthermore, in the place of work current developments have altered the ways workers make use of the internet and electronic mail. Thus, the businesses are confining their workers’ use of Internet and email with privacy policies (Boze & Stevens, 2010; Heathfield, 2011). What are the current laws regulating employee e-mail and Internet privacy? A lot of businesses are using the pre-established rules those confine internet and electronic mail usage for workers. In this scenario, these businesses apply privacy rules that bound the extent of privacy workers are allowed to even as in the office. Additionally, the managers are answerable for the acts of their workers or staff. Thus, most of the businesses believe that privacy of the company should have priority over worker’s privacy at the place of work. In this scenario, busine sses apply rules and laws on the internet and e-mail usage in order to defend the company beside robbery, permissible concerns, and maintain the reliability and reputation of the business (OPPapers, 2010; eNotes.com, Inc., 2011; FindLaw, 2011). In this scenario, existing laws those are regulating workers’ internet and e-mail privacy vary from country to country. However, the prime initiative of these laws describe that boss or manager who holds the e-mail framework, internet setup or networks is perfect inside their privileges to check the access to internet or e-mail in addition to practice by the staff. In this scenario, the electronic mails are managed through the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Patriot Act.  So over internet the ECPA secures together digital communications as well as electronic mail. Furthermore, the law prohibits their stoppage and detection by 3rd party. In this regard, ECPA outlined a number of distinct crimes: (OPPapers, 2010; e Notes.com, Inc., 2011; FindLaw, 2011) Accessing and trying to interrupt transmission Open connection to the transmission without approval Stopping the transmission for the reason of hindering illegal analysis Capturing communication for business operations Making use of electronic, automatic, or else extra equipment to cut off transmission What assumptions might employees make about their privacy at work? How do these policies affect employee privacy at work? The biggest concern for the majority owners or managers is legal responsibility.

Entrpreneurs ( management ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Entrpreneurs ( management ) - Essay Example For this purpose, I have come up with a new business idea of MOTOTAXI service that aims to target people who prefer convenient, efficient & effective means of transportation that not only take them to their destinations but also saves their time, money and headache of driving or waiting for public transport such as underground railway system, taxis, rickshaws and cabs. Mototaxi is a simple motor cycle branded as a taxi. It is made for one passenger only (either man or a woman) and it mainly targets middle class and lower middle office going employees, sole proprietors, doctors, lawyers, teachers, students and individuals etc aged between 16-45 years. The reason for choosing this market segment is because of the fact that they like to save money, are interested to reach their destinations in time, prefer secure, convenient and quality transport accessible at any point and any location with less of a hassle. Almost 50 moto taxis of cost 2,500$ will be introduced in the initial stage of this business venture that will be increased gradually after analyzing the customer response and growth opportunities in the market. First, we will use a Fleet Management System to keep track of all the MotoTaxis across the city areas. This system will enable the company to run all its business operations such as number of available orders from our clients, the number of available drivers and their bio data, arrivals and departures of taxis and others. The second type of technology that we are planning is to use radio so that all the moto taxi drivers will remain connected (with each other) with our 24 hour call center at all times. This would enable the company to ensure transport services to the clients in areas where we are not operational but where a moto taxi can pick the customer from the nearest spot. Our call center will operate through special software to manage the calls and short messages (sms) from clients and will also be linked to

Email and Internet use and Privacy Policies Essay

Email and Internet use and Privacy Policies - Essay Example Moreover, the use of internet in working hours is allowed to complete business tasks. However, the use of internet brings the likelihood of contravenes to the safety of secret Company details. Moreover, internet use also causes contagion to our business structure with several spyware, malwares, Trojan horses and viruses. At my job, Email is utilized for performing business activities. However, the private information of the company should not be given away from the Company, without the approval from the company management. Additionally, it is not ethical to perform private dealings using Company PC or electronic mail (Boze & Stevens, 2010; Heathfield, 2011). Employees should keep in mind that the company keeps the record of several communications done using electronic mail or else whatever is shared on company PC. In this scenario, network administration and authorized employees have the full right to view any content in employee’s electronic mail or on employee’s PC wh enever they want. Thus, people should not think that their electronic link, storage or access to be confidential if it is managed or stored at work. Furthermore, in the place of work current developments have altered the ways workers make use of the internet and electronic mail. Thus, the businesses are confining their workers’ use of Internet and email with privacy policies (Boze & Stevens, 2010; Heathfield, 2011). What are the current laws regulating employee e-mail and Internet privacy? A lot of businesses are using the pre-established rules those confine internet and electronic mail usage for workers. In this scenario, these businesses apply privacy rules that bound the extent of privacy workers are allowed to even as in the office. Additionally, the managers are answerable for the acts of their workers or staff. Thus, most of the businesses believe that privacy of the company should have priority over worker’s privacy at the place of work. In this scenario, busine sses apply rules and laws on the internet and e-mail usage in order to defend the company beside robbery, permissible concerns, and maintain the reliability and reputation of the business (OPPapers, 2010; eNotes.com, Inc., 2011; FindLaw, 2011). In this scenario, existing laws those are regulating workers’ internet and e-mail privacy vary from country to country. However, the prime initiative of these laws describe that boss or manager who holds the e-mail framework, internet setup or networks is perfect inside their privileges to check the access to internet or e-mail in addition to practice by the staff. In this scenario, the electronic mails are managed through the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Patriot Act.  So over internet the ECPA secures together digital communications as well as electronic mail. Furthermore, the law prohibits their stoppage and detection by 3rd party. In this regard, ECPA outlined a number of distinct crimes: (OPPapers, 2010; e Notes.com, Inc., 2011; FindLaw, 2011) Accessing and trying to interrupt transmission Open connection to the transmission without approval Stopping the transmission for the reason of hindering illegal analysis Capturing communication for business operations Making use of electronic, automatic, or else extra equipment to cut off transmission What assumptions might employees make about their privacy at work? How do these policies affect employee privacy at work? The biggest concern for the majority owners or managers is legal responsibility.

Burngreave messenger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Burngreave messenger - Essay Example This can basically be realised through a number of social media platforms which are popular with many people. The print version of the Burngreave Messenger essentially serves a limited geographical area. However, through the use of the social media, this can greatly be increased through the following ways. Twitter Headlines Feeds The newspaper should create a headline handle for its brand in this popular social platform just like other popular dailies such as The Sun and Telegraph have done. It is imperative to realise that some of the most successful world dailies have a huge following in the social media and such a presence largely accounts for their success. The newspaper can then establish various sections like Arts, Entertainment and Books on their Twitter handle. These sub-channels are normally very popular with the public and will therefore provide proper interaction with the advertisers. In the same way, the Burngreave Messenger can seek to create a series of online events in order to increase its readership online. This can greatly be enhanced if the events are carefully selected from those popular with the public. ... of the contents should be conducted on the big social networks which allow the contents to be easily discovered by millions of people across the world. One important aspect in social media journalism is the need to greatly engage the users by giving commentary and reacting to the comments of the users effectively. It helps to keep the online community much engaged and hence successful to the newspaper. In the same way, it is important for the homepage to easily indicate the link to the social media so that it becomes easy to find. Each page in the newspaper’s website should have the link to the social media sites so that it becomes easy for the people to follow. Many successful world dailies have integrated social media reading capabilities in their websites. For instance, the Washington Post is one such newspaper that a Social Reader which presently has over a million users. Considering that most newspapers are presently resorting to the use of social media, the survival of t he traditional newspapers does not only depend on their participation in this community. On the other hand, smaller community papers such as the Shrewsbury Chronicle are also venturing into the social media as a ways of boosting their performance. Rather, it is about the strategies that are put into place in ensuring that the social media works to the benefit of the newspaper. In this regard, Burngreave Messenger can utilise the best strategies in the social media to ensure its growth. Considering the great amount of real-time news reporting that takes place on Facebook and Twitter, there is much opportunity for Burngreave Messenger to utilise the content usually created in relation to this. This would make the content of the newspapers feel more real-time in addition to providing many

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay According to Andrew Ashworth (Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2010), p.77), section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing, and one which invites inconsistency. In the light of this statement discuss, and comment, on the aims and purposes of sentencing. To what extent are they a reflection of sentencing currently practised by courts? This essay seeks to consider the way in which the sentencing policy has developed under English law on the basis of the fact that many academics including Ashworth look upon the current system as being somewhat pick-and-mix illustrated by section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. With this in mind, this essay looks to produce a discussion that is considered to be able to serve to provide an understanding of the aims of sentencing traditionally and as to how English law has looked to fulfil these aims and the extent to which they have proved successful in this regard. In considering the idea section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing (Ashworth, 2010), it is necessary to appreciate how it may invite inconsistency by first discussing the aims of sentencing before looking to expand and focus this discussion upon the specific provision and related provisions. On this basis, it should be possible to then determine the extent to which these aims are a reflection of policies of sentencing currently practised by courts in the UK and their associated aims. Finally, this essay will then look to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion in relation to the remit of sentencing in the UK and as to how it is currently practised by domestic courts. When considering the different aims of sentencing there are significant rationales involved with the development of an effective policy focussed upon achieving retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restorative justice, and incapacitation founded upon a specific offenders culpability that can prove complicated (Tonry, 2005). Nevertheless, such an understanding is ably supported by philosopher, Immanuel Kant (2002) to mark the beginning of modern theories of punishment as he argued the only morally legitimate justification for sentencing. Therefore, the key function of such policy is to look to ensure offenders receive the appropriate sentences to manage the apparent conflict that exists between individual liberty under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 (domestically implemented by the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998) and the interests of society as a whole (see, for example, Steel v. United Kingdom). However, it has proved difficult for an effective sente ncing policy to develop that is able to find a balance between the aims that have been recognised to account for goals of crime-prevention and the apportioning of punishment (Fraser, 2005). More specifically, government policy makers have sought to explain away major changes with a view to increasing public confidence (Home Office, 2002, p.13) because the criminal justice system domestically did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make punishments and sanctions for criminal activity more effective, certain, and consistent (Tonry, 2005). Sentencing policy in the UK has been largely explained by the fact that, for over a decade, government policy makers have explained away major changes as part of a larger effort to increase public confidence in the English legal system (Home Office, 2002, p.13). Prior to the making of these changes, it had been a traditional social belief this countrys criminal justice system did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make criminal punishments more effective, certain, and consistent to address citizens problems (Tonry, 2005). But, despite this clear need and the changes, it is arguable that sentencing has still become something of a pick and mix process aptly illustrated by section 142 of the CJA 2003 regarding the purpose of sentencing policy in the English legal system (Ashworth, 2010). Therefore, both the aims and purpose of the domestic system of sentencing has arguably been lost without set guidelines to follow in the int erests of fairness and consistency regarding the sanctioning of offenders because the current codification of the law is arguably too discretionary for the judiciary to utilise in keeping with the remit of their powers as it relates to making their decisions in any given case. Section 142 of the CJA 2003 recognises criminal courts need to consider the following purposes of sentencing (a) punishment; (b) the reduction of crime; (c) reform and rehabilitation; (d) social protection; and (e) reparation. As a result, unfortunately, it is arguable such a provision was always bound to lead to significant problems because it seems to require the judiciary to actively consider a variety of aims before then giving weight to one factor above all of the rest that they must consider to reach a decision (Ashworth, 2010). But such concerns regarding sentencing serve to detract from its aims that now arguably lack foundation since the Sentencing Guidelines Council has adopted section 143 as opposed to section 142 of the CJA 2003 to determine appropriate sanctions for criminal offenders (Tonry, 2005). Section 143 specifically provides, for the purpose of sentencing, the court must consider the offenders culpability in committing the offence and any harm which the offenc e caused, was intended to cause or might foreseeably have cause. Therefore, it has been for the Sentencing Guidelines Council to focus its attention upon the proportionality principle to determine what is required for the sentencing of individual criminal offences to be more effective (Von Hirsch Roberts, 2004). However, the policy of sentencing under English law still remains sufficiently uncertain so one is left to wonder what will happen if section 142 of the CJA 2003 is favoured when determining how the Sentencing Guidelines Councils Overarching Principles Seriousness (2004) is to be followed by the courts in deciding sanctions in any given case. This is because it has proved arguable that section 142 under the CJA 2003 has already given the judiciary too greater autonomy in deciding the sentencing of offenders in any given case regarding the appropriate sanction for the offence the defendant has committed where they are found guilty (Rex Tonry, 2005, Chapter 5). As a result, doubts have arisen throughout society about whether changes in sentencing would actually reduce crime when many people have sought tougher penalties to reduce crime rates through a system that expounded the virtues of deterrence and incapacitation to achieve the aforementioned aims of sentencing. At the same time, however, there is a need to appreciate the prospect for effective rehabilitation from the sentence that an offender is given has changed quite radically under contemporary law. This is because effectively targeted programs, as part of an offenders sentence, can serve to limit the probability of that individual then re-offending through the drug treatment, anger management, sex-offender treatment, and various educational and vocational-skills programs implemented to prevent further offences occurring in the interests of crime prevention within society (Gaes, 1999). By way of illustration, the Home Offices Halliday Report provided the foundation for a massive reorganisation of the English criminal justice system under the CJA 2003 so it was concluded if the [treatment] programmes are developed and applied as intended, to the maximum extent possible, reconviction rates might be reduced by 5-25 percentage points. (Halliday, et al, 2001, p.7) Therefore, a new approach to custodial sentences was proposed and endorsed totalling less than a year with three specific options available. The first is custody plus consisting of a maximum of 13 weeks in prison with the rest being made up by community service, whilst sentencing may also consist of a policy of intermittent custody that involves weekend imprisonment for up 51 weeks (sections 183-186 at CJA 2003). Finally, there is also the possibility of custody minus whereby the offenders sentence is suspended for a maximum of 51 weeks with community service carried out instead (Von Hisch Roberts, 2004). On this basis, the methods for dealing with minor criminal matters have taken on greater significance with the CJA 2003s enactment, since sections 22-27 now also supplement the existing system of cautions (under the Police Criminal Evidence Act 1984) with conditional cautions which may be given when the conditions set out are fulfilled (Ashworth Redmayne, 2005, Chapter 6). However, whilst the CJA 2003 has introduced a new mandatory minimum sentence of five years for possession of firearms without a licence under section 287, there has been a distinct lack of Court of Appeal guidance for the minimum sentence for domestic burglary (section 111 at Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000) but was not endorsed by the Court of Appeal (R v. Hoare) unlike, for example, guidelines on rape (R v. Milberry). Moreover, the CJA 2003 also eliminated the automatic life imprisonment sentence and absorbed it within the new dangerousness sentences (sections 224-236 Schedules 15 18 of the CJA 2003 because decisions like Stafford v. UK recognised the Home Secretarys power to set a minimum time for someone to remain in prison who is imprisoned for life (see also section 269 Schedule 21 of the CJA 2003). As for the matter of previous convictions impact upon sentencing individual offenders, where an individual has already been convicted of another offence they should be liable to a much stricter penalty for all offences they are convicted of thereafter because such convictions are illustrative of an individuals bad character in court proceedings to impact upon a given case (Choo, 2006, Chapter 8). However, the CJA 2003 have proved somewhat controversial to say the least because the precise moment of their coming into force has proved a matter of notable dispute (R v. Bradley) as well as the fact that, in a criminal trial, any evidence relevant to the case should be admissible (Rees Roberts, 2006). This proved necessary because it was previously largely understood under section 1(3) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 the prosecution in any criminal case was unable to adduce evidence of a defendants bad character except regarding the offence a defendant was charged with unless it was co nsidered probative to the best interests of justice (Durston, 2004). But what Lord Wilberforce said in Boardman v. Director of Public Prosecutions (p.444) acted as a caveat in recognising the admission of similar fact evidence (of the kind now in question) is exceptional and requires a strong degree of probative force to be admissible prior to the CJA 2003. Therefore, the level of sentencing may then be determined fairly and consistently in keeping with the facts of any given case to provide sufficient sanctions in the best interests of justice for society as a whole (Fitzpatrick, 2006). In addition, the exclusionary rule previously emphasised as being of fundamental significance against the admission of previous misconduct and other evidence of bad character has now been largely abolished where it is found the matters to be considered are relevant to the issues at hand (section 101 of the CJA 2003). By way of illustration, under section 103(1) of the CJA 2003, the matters in issue between the defendant and the prosecution include: (a) The question whether the defendant has a propensity to commit offences of the kind with which he is charged, except where his having such a propensity makes it no more likely that he is guilty of the offence (Roberts, 2006). But whilst there is little doubt those who drafted this provision intended to make evidence of a defendants bad character admissible because it shows they have a general tendency to commit offences, there is room for considerable doubt about whether the provision achieves its aim (Withey, 2007). To conclude, policy makers under English law have sought to develop a system of sentencing that fulfils its recognised aims since the CJA 2003 has sought to provide for the achievement of higher levels of fairness in the decisions reached to prevent further instances of crime and act in societys best interests. This is because not only can an effective system of sentencing provide a deterrent for others in society, but this can also serve as a means of punishment and rehabilitation. However, whilst the CJA 2003s remit has been called into question because it would seem to give too wider discretion to the judiciary in looking to reason out their decisions, previous convictions must also now be taken into account in determining the level of sentencing for any individual found guilty of a criminal offence as an indication of bad character under the CJA 2003. But, to achieve a consistent and fair approach to the administration of justice through an effective sentencing policy, it is stil l necessary to adhere to the Act to come to a fair approach to sentencing and sanctions to punish and rehabilitate a guilty offender whilst also deterring others from carrying out similar offences.

Autism :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Many years ago, I watched a young boy rock back and forth as he worked a crossword puzzle. I tried to distract him from working the puzzle to ride bikes with me. I continuously asked him to play with me, but he kept staring at the puzzle while I attempted to look in his eyes. He took the puzzle apart and flipped the pieces in the air, one at a time. He did not speak, but he made crying noises. The more I asked questions or talked to him, the louder his cries became. As his frustration grew, he balled his fists up, punched his eyes, and kicked his feet. I was curious about his activity. I was later told the boy {my brother} was autistic,† says Tamara Robinson in an interview.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism is â€Å"a syndrome of childhood characterized by a lack of social relationship, a lack of communication abilities, persistent compulsive, rituals, and resistance to change† (Paluszny 1). For centuries, medical professionals have tried to understand autism and its origin. The above example shows only a few examples of autistic behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of autism extends, as far back as the late sixteenth century; however, during that time it was not identified as this illness. Here is a statement from before the discovery of the illness: In 1799, a boy about eleven years of age was found naked in the woods of Averyron, France. He was dirty, covered with sores, mute, and behaved like A wild animal. Jean Itard, the physician of the new institution for deaf-mutes, Was given charge of the abandoned child. From Itard’s description, Victor Showed many features of autism—he did not look at people and never Played with the toys, but showed remarkable memory in recalling the position Of objects in his room and resisted any change of these objects. (Paluszny 2) In attempt to educate Victor, Itard used a glass of water as a form of encouragement, but he continued to remain silent and never spoke any words. It was not until 1943 that the label â€Å"autism† was used by a child psychiatrist, named Leo Kanner to describe the symptoms. â€Å"The term autism derives from auto, the Greek word for self,† (Hamblin 137). Kanner used this term when he studied eleven children who had a â€Å"unique form of schizophrenia† (Hamblin 136). Although, it was later determined that even though some of the characteristics of schizophrenia and autism are not the same, Kanner did open new doors for an intensive study of a confusing syndrome.

Importance of the Monkey Garden in The House on Mango Street :: House Mango Street

Importance of the Monkey Garden in The House on Mango Street Life as a kid is effortless, where the only motive is to have fun. Some people never want to have responsibility and complexity that comes with being an adult as they realize they must take accountability sometime. Likewise in "The House on Mango Street" by Sandra Cisneros, Esperanza tries her best to avoid is renegade against the normal expectations of women on Mango Street. Esperanza's only way to avoid having to become part of the adult world around her, is by entering The Monkey Garden where she gets to be a kid. Esperanza's depiction of the serene and carefree descriptions of the garden contrast the confused and disturbed attitude Esperanza has towards Sally and the boys' game. As she finally realizes she cannot remain a kid forever, Esperanza feel alienated and alone. Esperanza's overwhelmed tone reveals her fear and doggedness to adversity when sally's game defiles the garden's innocence/purity, exposing Esperanza to the realization that she cannot remain a kid forever. Esperanza's syntax reveals that innocence is irrevocable. Reminiscing of the Monkey Garden Esperanza "suppose[s], the reason why [they] went there" was because it was "Far away from where [their] mothers could find [them]"Cisneros (95). In the garden the kids were able to play without any adults around. The garden became a place of rejuvenation for Esperanza, where only kids were allowed and the horrors of the adult world remain unnoticed. Esperanza observes, "Things had a way of disappearing in the garden, as if the garden itself ate them, or, as if with its old-man memory, it put them away and forgot them."(95). This shows that the garden was a place where things easily went unnoticed and it was not uncommon to loose things. For Esperanza, this represents the place where she is forced into her loss of childhood, and comparing this to a forgetful old man makes sense since when people mature they loose their innocence and childlike attributes. When the boys stole Sally's keys "they were all laughing" and "[Sally] was too" however, "It was a joke [Esperanza] didn't get"(96). The boys take advantage of Sally by stealing her keys so Sally seizes the opportunity to be able to flirt back with them.

Best Ways to Analyze Data in Order to Improve Decision-Making Essay

Descriptive Analysis: Defined as quantitatively describing the main features of a collection of information. Descriptive analysis are distinguished from inferential analysis (or inductive analysis), in that descriptive analysis aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent. Two types of descriptive measures are: 1. Measures of central tendency: used to report a single piece of information that describes the most typical response to a question. 2. Measures of variability: used to reveal the typical difference between the values in a set of values. Two types of descriptive analysis are: 1. Univariate analysis: Univariate analysis involves describing the distribution of a single variable, including its central tendency (including the mean, median, and mode) and dispersion (including the range and quantiles of the data-set, and measures of spread such as the variance and standard deviation). 2. Bivariate analysis: Used when a sample consists of more than one variable. Bivariate analysis is not only simple descriptive analysis, but also it describes the relationship between two different variables. Descriptive statistics provides simple summaries about the sample and about the observations that have been made. In the business world, descriptive statistics provides a useful summary of many types of data. For example, investors and brokers may use a historical account of return behavior by performing empirical and analytical analyses on their investments in order to make better investing decisions in the future. Inferential Analysis: Used to generate conclusions about the population’s characteristics based on the sample data. For example to estimate the population mean weight using the sample mean weight. They can use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance. They can help in  fact-based management to drive favorable decision making. Differential Analysis: Defined as a technique in which evaluation is confined to only those factors which are different or unique among possible alternatives. Also called incremental analysis or relevant cost analysis. It usually involves four steps: 1. Compute all costs associated with each alternative. 2. Ignore the sunk costs. 3. Ignore costs that remain largely constant among the alternatives. 4. Select the alternative offering the best cost-to-benefit ratio. It’s important to note that differential analysis is a process that may be stretched beyond mere numbers. There could be intangible benefits to a certain decision that might eventually affect the business’ profits or even go beyond monetary gain. Predictive Analysis: Encompasses a variety of techniques that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future, or otherwise unknown, events. The approaches and techniques used to conduct predictive analytics can broadly be grouped into regression techniques and machine learning techniques. 1. Regression techniques: Regression models are the mainstay of predictive analytics. The focus lies on establishing a mathematical equation as a model to represent the interactions between the different variables in consideration. Depending on the situation, there is a wide variety of models that can be applied while performing predictive analytics. 2. Machine learning techniques: Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, was originally employed to develop techniques to enable computers to learn. Today, since it includes a number of advanced statistical methods for regression and classification, it finds application in a wide variety of fields including medical diagnostics, credit card fraud detection, face and speech recognition and analysis of the stock market. In certain applications it is sufficient to directly predict the dependent variable without focusing on the underlying relationships between variables.  In other cases, the underlying relationships can be very complex and the mathematical form of the dependencies unknown. For such cases, machine learning techniques emulate human cognition and learn from training examples to predict future events. In business, predictive models exploit patterns found in historical and transactional data to identify risks and opportunities. Models capture relationships among many factors to allow assessment of risk or potential associated with a particular set of conditions, guiding decision making for candidate transactions. They also help uncover hidden patterns and associations thus improving business outcomes.

Discuss Why Hydrogen Bonding Is Essential for Life Essay

Throughout biochemistry there are many bonds without which life as it is on earth today would not be possible. One of the most important bonds of these is the hydrogen bond, a weak chemical bond that is present in essential biological molecules such as water and polypeptides. A hydrogen bond is defined by Campbell and Reece as occurring when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom but attracted to another electronegative atom. In water molecules, there are several key reasons why hydrogen bonds can be formed and explaining them in water a good way to show the chemistry. Firstly, the presence of covalent bond between the hydrogen and the oxygen means that the electrons in the outer shells of both atoms are shared- 1 electron from hydrogen and 1 electron from oxygen. Since the 2 electrons are shared, they are free to move within the covalent bond to the atom that is the most electronegative. In the case of water, this is oxygen. As a result of the electrons moving to the oxygen side of the bond, the hydrogen becomes less electron-dense and becomes a slight positive charge known as a delta-positive charge. It is this positive charge that has the ability to attract other negatively charged objects, since opposite electrostatic charged atoms attract each other. On the oxygen atom of each water molecule there is a lone pair of electrons that are negatively charged, which makes oxygen delta-negative. This means that between water molecules, the delta-positive hydrogen of one molecule is able to attract a lone pair of electrons from the delta-negative oxygen atom of another water molecule (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Hydrogen bonding in water A hydrogen bond, however, is comparatively weak to covalent or ionic bond, as much as 22 times time weaker [Libes 2009], so in order to explain why hydrogen bonds are so necessary in life it is perhaps not significant that hydrogen bonds are weak on their own, since the majority of their use within strong structures is facilitated by their strength as a large number of hydrogen bonds. For example, the fundamental strength of tendons and skin lies within the many hydrogen bonds in the collagen protein. For formation of collagen, the strength of hydrogen bonds is required to firstly join two amino acid chains (polypeptides) together into a helix. Three helices are then bound into a triple helix by yet more hydrogen bonds. The result is a fibrous quaternary protein structure with a high tensile strength that the mammalian skeletal muscles could not function without. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to their respective bones and we would simply not be able to move without them. Other uses of hydrogen bonds in proteins include contributing to the specific conformational shape of globular proteins, called protein folding. A precise 3D shape is required in most enzymes so that the shape of binding site (active site) is complementary to the chemical reacting with the enzyme (substrate). Hydrogen bonds are essential, along with ionic bonds, covalent bonds, disulphide bonds and hydrophobic interactions, for making secondary structures (i.e. alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets) coil into a tertiary structure. A tertiary structure, or a quaternary structure after further protein folding, can then be utilized as a specific enzyme within organisms to carry out specific metabolic reactions. It is the hydrogen bonding found in water, in fact, that makes the metabolic reactions in the human body so efficient. The slight increase of strength between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds means that in comparison to other fluids without hydrogen bonds, water requires a lot of energy to raise the temperature of it. This is called high heat specific capacity and may be defined as the amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C, an attribute that is especially useful when the body is actively maintaining the body temperature at 37C. Since it takes so much energy to change the temperature of water, the molecule estimated to take up 70% of an adult’s body, the core temperature of the body is resistant to fluctuations. For metabolic reactions this is very useful because it means that the enzymes can work at their optimum temperature, often the same as 37C core temperature, and thus the metabolic reactions within the body are very efficient. For every 10C below optimum temperature, the rate of successive substrate-enzyme collisions decreases by 2 to 3 times [Campbell and Reece, p862]. High specific heat capacity also benefits marine environments by resisting temperature fluctuations, which is perhaps why marine food chains are often many times longer than those of terrestrial organisms. The high heat capacity of water is one of several hydrogen-bonding attributes that benefit the marine environments, unsurprisingly, with the high surface tension and the small relative density of ice also playing a large role in how aquatic organisms survive. The high surface tension of water is perhaps best explained by relating it to close proximity of adjacent water molecules in aqueous solution. This closeness is of course caused by the numerous hydrogen bonds (Fig. 2) existing between the water molecules and is named cohesion, a word that can be defined as being united as a whole. Fig. 2 numerous hydrogen bonds As a result of the molecules being united as a whole, the top of a body of water has a membrane that is able to withstand a small downwards force before becoming pierced. The classic example of the organism that takes advantage of this phenomenon is the pond skater insect, which is able to utilize the high surface tension of lakes and ponds by walking on the surface of the water to look for prey. The other hydrogen-bonding attribute that benefits marine life especially but not exclusively is the small relative density of ice. While most liquids become denser when they change to a solid state, aqueous water gets less dense. This means that a volume of ice has a lighter mass than the same volume of its liquid counterpart and thus ice can float on top of water. The reason that ice is less dense than aqueous water lies within the microstructure of the molecules. Normally, a solid is denser than a liquid because the particles within a solid are more tightly packed together and thus more particles can fit into a given space. However, within ice, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules create a lattice structure Fig. 3 that increases the distance between the molecules. This means that less water molecules per volume exist in a solid form than as a liquid form, as much as 10% less than water at 4C [Campbell and Reece, 2008]. Fig. 3 Lattice structure Several advantages of the small relative density of ice can be observed within marine environments, such as the heat insulation that a surface sheet of ice provides and the fact that bodies of water never freeze from the bottom upwards, two essential phenomena without which many aquatic organisms would not be able to survive. It is also easy to forget that sea ice is also a habitat for sub-terrestrial organisms such as penguins and polar bears, a habitat that would not exist if ice did not float. Moving away from how hydrogen bonds benefit marine life and towards how they benefit terrestrial life, and having previously stated that water is very good at keeping the body warm at 37C, water is controversially a very good coolant. It is for the same reason that water is able to restrict temperature fluctuations that it is able to cool off the human body and other mammals. Resisting temperature change involves water’s high specific heat capacity and is the large relative energy required to change the temperature of 1g of water by 1C. This can be related to the high latent heat of vaporization, the phenomenon that makes cooling so effective, since latent heat is the heat energy lost from the body to evaporate 1g of sweat. In water the latent heat is particularly high because of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules must be broken before liquid can change state into a gas, so more energy is required to evaporate the water and thus more heat is removed. Hydrogen bonds also play a large role in the evaporation of water from plants, called transpiration. Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves of plants by evaporation and causes water to move into the roots up vascular tubes (xylem) within in the plant stem. This means a plant can transport water around its tissues for use in respiration and other metabolic reactions. Hydrogen bonds play a large role in transpiration in the same way that they do in the cohesion of water molecules to cause high surface tension. When water molecules are moved up the xylem vessels, they move as a whole due to the hydrogen bonding cohesive forces between the molecules. The molecules also stick to the walls of the vessels by hydrogen bonds, aiding the transport of the water furthermore. The movement of water aided by cohesion and adhesion is known as mass flow, and is the same occurrence as with sucking water through a straw. Since plants form the basis of most ecosystems as producers, hydrogen bonding plays a key part of life. Concluding, it is clear to see that without hydrogen bonds, life, as we know it today would not exist. Water makes up most of the earths surface and is perhaps the molecule that is the most essential for life- providing stable habitats for marine and terrestrial organisms as well as the transport of water in plants. The fact that most of the properties water are caused by hydrogen bonding shows how essential hydrogen bonds are for life on earth. Libes (2009). Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry. Elsevier Science and Technology. Pp28 Campbell and Reece (2008). Biology. 8th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.